The Enigma of DASHAIN and TIHAR in Patan
What lies beneath the grand celebrations of Dashain and Tihar? Beyond the public rituals, ancient esoteric traditions quietly shape these festivals. In this article, priest Shivesh Sharma Rajopadhyaya and cultural enthusiast Ashish Mishra share personal
What do we really know about the deeper spiritual practices that fuel the grand celebrations of Dashain and Tihar? While we often focus on the public rituals, few of us are aware of the hidden ceremonies that unfold behind the scenes. In the vibrant city of Patan, these ancient, esoteric traditions carry profound meaning— something that is often overlooked.
To uncover this lesserknown side of Nepal’s most cherished festivals, we turn to Shivesh Sharma Rajopadhyaya, a passionate young priest at the Keshav Narayan Temple, and Aashish Mishra, a cultural enthusiast deeply rooted in Patan’s heritage. Through their personal insights and stories, we get a glimpse into the heart of these festivals, where rituals are not just events, but a living connection to the community’s spiritual core. Join us as we journey beyond the surface, exploring the sacred, the symbolic, and the spirit of Patan’s Dashain and Tihar
In Conversation with Priest of Keshav Narayan Temple Shivesh Sharma Rajopadhyaya: Patan's Rituals Explored
Can you explain some of the lesser-known rituals performed during Dashain that go beyond the public celebrations? What esoteric practices occur behind the scenes?
Shivesh Sharma: During Dashain, several lesserknown rituals occur privately within the Dashain Kotha at Durbar Square, performed discreetly by selected family members, community members, and designated gurus. These rituals, hidden from public view, aim to avoid the inauspicious exposure of the main deity. Public ceremonies, such as the Payo, Dya Kwa Bijyakigu (bringing down the God), Ga: Pyakhan (Astamatrika dance), Gathu Pyakhan (Navadurga dance), and sacrificial ceremonies (bali), are more widely known. However, behind the scenes, pujas, deity preparations, and tantric rituals meant to channel divine energy are conducted secretly, blending both Vedic and Tantric traditions. The tantric practices, including sacrifices, are performed discreetly to protect the energy, maintaining the spiritual potency of Dashain while the public rituals serve as a glimpse into the deeper, esoteric proceedings.
What is the significance of the special puja for the 9 Kumaris during Dashain? Are there hidden meanings or rituals that the public doesn’t see?
Shivesh Sharma: The 9 Kumari Puja during Dashain, held in Durbar Square, dates back to ancient times and was initiated for the protection of the king and kingdom. Traditionally, starting from Ghatasthapana, each day one young girl who hasn’t started her menstrual cycle and daily each kumari is added and worshipped untill 9th day of Dashain to channel powerful energy that wards off evil. However, due to practical challenges, all nine Kumaris are now worshipped together on Maha Ashtami. The Kumaris represent the goddess Durga, and Ganesh and Bhairav are also worshipped alongside them. This ritual is performed out of public view to prevent any negative influences, like black magic, from misusing the high energy that gets channeled during the ritual.
Thecho Navadurga? What sacred rituals or preparations take place that are typically kept private?
Shivesh Sharma: Thecho Navadurga refers to the nine manifestations of Durga—Shailaputri, Bhrahmacharini, Katyayani, Chandraghanta, Kushmanda, Skandamata, Kalaratri, Mahagauri, and Siddhidatri. These statues are preserved at the Chauni museum, but the rituals and procession are not documented in scriptures. In patan, Ga: Pyakhan deties or the Astamatrika's along with Tripura Sundari is considered and worshipped as Navadurga. The dance is performed by the Malakar caste and community, and the rituals are guided by specific traditions. Sacred bath is taken, and the deities are welcomed inside the Durbar Square, followed by a grand procession. The final dance is performed in front of the Taleju courtyard, symbolizing the completion of the rituals.
How do the rituals of Dashain and Tihar symbolize deeper spiritual beliefs within the community? What might outsiders miss in their interpretations?
Shivesh Sharma: Dashain and Tihar are much more than mere celebrations, they symbolize profound spiritual beliefs. Dashain, for instance, is viewed as an "energy sadhana" ritual, where external deities like Taleju and Aagan Chen are worshipped, representing the collective power and protection of the community. The worship of Durga during Dashain invokes strength and protection, while the rituals, which are elaborate and often involve entire families, signify the unity and strength of the community. Tihar, on the other hand, focuses on prosperity and inner well-being, with Lakshmi as the main deity. Rituals like Mha Puja (worship of the self) and Bhai Tika (honoring the bond between brothers and sisters) are personal and intimate, often performed within homes. While Dashain involves more public festivities, Tihar is quieter, focusing on familial bonds. Outsiders may miss the subtle distinction— while Dashain channels external energies through grand rituals, Tihar emphasizes inner peace and personal prosperity.
Are there any taboos associated with Dashain or Tihar that are important for outsiders to understand, particularly regarding the worship of deities?
Shivesh Sharma: Yes, during Dashain and Tihar, certain taboos are deeply rooted in tradition. For example, after Ghatasthapana, the Dashain Kotha is separated, and no one is allowed to enter. This is because high energies are channeled through rituals and mantras, so outsiders must maintain a respectful distance. Another tradition involves the planting of jamara (sacred grass). Once this is done, members of the household are traditionally not allowed to spend the night at other's home until the jamara is extracted on Dashami. Additionally, it’s believed that clothes should not be washed until Dashami, and certain foods like pork and chicken were once prohibited, though these rules have relaxed over time.
Can you share a personal experience or story that highlights an esoteric aspect of Dashain or Tihar that most people wouldn’t know about?
Shivesh Sharma: Being part of the Manmaneshwori Pujari clan, I have the privilege of participating on special dashain puja happening from Ghatasthapana onwards. One of the most significant rituals for me is the "Dya Kwaha Bijyakigu" on Saptami, where we welcome the Goddess. This ritual takes much longer than others, sometimes lasting until late evening. I remember one year, the ritual extended until 6 PM, making it one of the most unforgettable experiences of my life. Another lesserknown fact is that the rituals at Taleju often take an entire day to complete. On Saptami, the Ga: Pyakha dance, traditionally taught by Taleju’s Pujari based on guidance from a dream, is performed in the afternoon, highlighting the unique blend of myth and ritual.
In Conversation with Aashish Mishra, journalist and culture enthusiast: Celebrating Dashain and Tihar in Patan Durbar Square
What unique cultural practices in Patan stand out during Dashain and Tihar compared to other regions?
Aashish Mishra: Patan has its own distinct rituals during Dashain and Tihar that differ from regions like Kathmandu and Bhaktapur. One standout practice is the worship of Shree Manmaneshwori, a lesserknown deity worshipped in Patan. While other Durbar Squares focus on Taleju, Patan continues to revere Manmaneshwori, whose statue resides at Mulchowk. During Dashain, the ritual called ‘Dya Kwaha Bijyakigu’ bringing the deity down from near Manga Hiti in a ceremony performed by specific priests from the Lichhavi period. This is a beautiful reminder of Patan's rich historical traditions, many of which remain hidden from the wider public. For Tihar, while the general customs are similar across regions, the celebration of Mha Puja is significant. Interestingly, the celebration of Mha Puja differs only when the calendars doesn't match, due to the difference in the calcualtion of calenders in Patan, Kathmandu and Bhaktapur offering a unique cultural variation that adds diversity to the Tihar celebrations.
Can you describe any vibrant community events or rituals specific to Patan that encapsulate the festive spirit?
Aashish Mishra: Patan Durbar Square turns into a vibrant space during Dashain. The Mali community from Thecho performs Gathu Pyakhan, while the Rajupadhyaya community continues to honor Manmaneshwori through their rituals. The Karmarcharya community performs the Taleju Puja, which is deeply symbolic of Patan's devotion to its traditional deities.
One of the most memorable community events is the ringing of the Big Bell of Patan, which happens exclusively during Dashain. This practice brings people together, creating a lively and unified festive atmosphere.
How do local artisans and craftspeople contribute to the cultural fabric of these festivals in Patan?
Aashish Mishra: Local artisans are integral to these festivals, especially through the celebration of Kuchi Bhwey. This festival honors the tools and materials used by artisans throughout the year, ensuring that their craft remains respected and preserved. In an age of rapid modernization, Kuchi Bhwey prevents the erosion of traditional practices, allowing artisans to remain connected to their roots and keep the spirit of Patan's heritage alive.
What do these celebrations reveal about Patan's identity and community values?
Aashish Mishra: The festivals reflect Patan’s strong historical identity. The worship of Manmaneshwori, for instance, dates back to the Lichhavi Kingdom, demonstrating the city's deep connection to its past. Mangal Bazar, the heart of Patan, becomes a bustling cultural center during Dashain, showcasing various community groups performing rituals specific to their heritage. It’s a celebration of diversity, yet also a reminder of how much the city has changed. For example, kite-flying and kites stucked in the roofs was once a common sight on the temples of Patan, but that tradition has dwindled. Rituals such as animal sacrifices during Nawami have also seen fewer participants, reflecting the community's evolving values. Despite these changes, the essence of Patan’s festivals continues to adapt, holding on to the core values of unity, respect, and cultural pride.
A Step towards Preserving the Heritage and Spirit of Dashain and Tihar
These festivals are not just about rituals but also about the artisans, communities, and traditions that bind us together. By understanding and appreciating these unique cultural elements, we can ensure that future generations continue to experience the richness of Nepal’s heritage.
Let’s celebrate Dashain and Tihar this year with a deeper awareness of the traditions that make our culture unique, and with a renewed commitment to preserving the essence of Patan Durbar Square and its cultural significance.
